Flowing
Flowing There is a moment near the end of 冯友兰 ’s History of Chinese Philosophy where the voice softens. After centuries of schools, arguments, sages, wars, reforms, dynasties rising and collapsing, he does not end with triumph or doctrine. He ends with a description of how a human being may live. Four ways, he suggests—not as ladders to climb, but as modes of inhabiting the same world. What startled me when I first encountered this was how little changes on the surface. A person at the beginning and a person at the end may look identical. They wake, work, eat, speak, age. And yet inwardly, they are living in different universes. In the earliest way of being, life simply happens. One is born into conditions, customs, needs. Hunger dictates action, fear shapes choices, desire pulls the body forward. History has always been full of such lives. Think of peasants during the Han dynasty or medieval Europe, whose entire cosmos was weather, soil, tax collectors, and ritual. They did not...